Is Beowulf an Heroic Elegy or an Epic Narrative? Essay -- Epic of Beowu

Is Beowulf   an Heroic Elegy or an Epic Narrative?      Ã‚  Ã‚   There is considerable debate as to whether the poem Beowulf is an epic narrative poem or an heroic elegy. Which is it. This essay intends to present both sides of the story.    Some great literary scholars think that the poem is an heroic elegy, celebrating the fantastic achievements of its great hero, and also expressing sorrow or lamentation for the hero’s unfortunate death. In â€Å"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics† Tolkien states:      We must dismiss, of course, from mind the notion that Beowulf is a â€Å"narrative poem,† that it tells a tale or intends to tell a tale sequentially. The poem â€Å"lacks steady advance†: so Klaeber heads a critical section in his edition. But the poem was not meant to advance, steadily or unsteadily. It is essentially a balance, an opposition of ends and beginnings. In its simplest terms it is a contrasted description of two moments in a great life, rising and setting; an elaboration of the ancient and intensely moving contrast between youth and age, first achievement and final death (Tolkien 34).    Another literary scholar attacks the proposition that the poem is a narrative epic as many critics say: â€Å"For the structure of the poem is not sequential, but complemental; at the outset certain parts of a situation are displayed, and these are given coherence and significance by progressive addition of its other parts’ (Blomfield 60). These attacks on the epic-narrative theory regarding the poem Beowulf leave one with the only choice left – that the poem is an heroic elegy, a poem celebrating the achievements of its hero Beowulf, and at the same time a poem of lamentation and sorrow and mourning over the death of that great he... ...all, Inc., 1968.    Greenfield, Stanley B.. â€Å"The Finn Episode and its Parallet.† In Beowulf: The Donaldson Translation, edited by Joseph F. Tuso. New York, W.W.Norton and Co.: 1975.    Rebsamen, Frederick R.. in â€Å"Beowulf – A Personal Elegy.† Beowulf: The Donaldson Translation, edited by Joseph F. Tuso. New York, W.W.Norton and Co.: 1975    Robinson, Fred C. â€Å"Apposed Word Meanings and Religious Perspectives.† In Beowulf – Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.    Tolkien, J.R.R.. â€Å"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics.† In Beowulf – Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.    Wright, David. â€Å"The Digressions in Beowulf.† In Readings on Beowulf, edited by Stephen P. Thompson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press,1998.      

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Putting the ‘person’ in personnel Shalini Shukla 18 Oct 2012 With a history of more than 80 years in Singapore, OCBC is a bank centred on people. The Bank has come a long way from its first days of helping rice merchants continue to trade times of war. This is evident in its sterling performance in recent years. In May this year, Bloomberg Markets magazine announced OCBC as the world’s strongest bank. Also, one in two businesses currently operating in Singapore has an account with the Bank. The success of the bank is built on the back of sound business policies and active talent management and development.For instance, within the first three days of a company being incorporated, OCBC will contact them about opening a corporate account with the bank. â€Å"The Bank practises the same proactivity when it comes to managing and developing its people,† says Eric Ong, Head of Emerging Business, Global Enterprise Banking, OCBC Bank. Career framework OCBC takes tra ining and development seriously as human capital is the Bank’s key differentiator. Investment in this area helps to build the capabilities of employees to deliver superior performance. Learning is part of the Bank’s ongoing business strategy and helps to create a win-win situation for us and our staff,† says Ong. â€Å"By aligning employees’ learning objectives with business goals, we help employees succeed in building a career and not just a job with OCBC. † OCBC encourages its employees to take charge of their own careers through the Bank’s ‘Career Best’ programme, launched in 2002. This programme involves helping employees evaluate their strengths and career orientation, and finding the best fit between their talents and OCBC’s needs.The Bank also introduced the ‘OCBC Learning-3’ programme in 2007. A structured three-year development programme for employees, OCBC Learning-3 clearly delineates learning roadm aps for individual employees during their first three years of service with the Bank. â€Å"Underscoring our commitment to training, we have created the OCBC Learning Academy and also dedicated an entire floor at the OCBC Centre, called The Learning Space @ OCBC, for the sole purpose of learning and development,† says Ong.In addition to the typical classroom training, the Bank has also tapped on learning technologies like eLearning and virtual classrooms. Through the use of Web 2. 0 and video conferencing technology the training programmes are now able to reach out to employees in different geographies. Employees are given the first opportunity to learn of and apply for job-openings within the OCBC group through the Internal Job-Application Programme, in which after 18 to 24 months, an employee has the open to move into another role. We want to encourage employees to continually acquire new experiences, knowledge, skills and competencies, and allow individuals to fulfil their career aspirations at different stages of their careers,† Ong explains. This is especially so for Gen Y staff who constantly seek change and want progression – something to look forward to. They need to feel challenged and recognised for the work they do. If they are ‘stuck in a rut’, performance dips. â€Å"In banking, employees need foundation,† says Ong. â€Å"I was once a bank teller. I then moved on to typing bank drafts and the like. Leaders walk the talk too. â€Å"In my business review, one part is financial numbers and business initiatives, while a large part (50%-60%) is based on the human resources,† says Ong. Hi-po attention A mentor to even people who’ve left the business, Ong believes in developing his people’s potential to the fullest. â€Å"I meet with business heads and see if there are vacancies in which we can slot the high potential candidate in,† he says. â€Å"This makes sure these people are given opportunities within the bank before they start looking elsewhere for them. It’s a proactive measure of staff retention. Senior management constantly works to push high-potential talent out of their current roles or comfort zones. This exists at all levels, be it ground sales people to middle and senior management level staff. â€Å"We don’t want staff to be ‘too comfortable’ in their roles. They are not stretching their potential,† says Ong. â€Å"We assign them to other departments for three to six months. My sales folks, for instance, might be posted to risk management or operations. † While there is risk of losing talent to another department due to this job rotation, the advantages outweigh those risks. After coming back from their short job rotation stint, they come back with fresh insights and they can come up with new business ideas leading to increased productivity and business success,† says Ong. Ong cited an example of an em ployee who moved to the operations unit two years ago. When he came back to the Emerging Business department, he gave a new idea which was piloted and resulted in business growth of five times. Hi-potential staff are also given opportunities to travel and explore new markets. Young staff are accompanied by their senior leaders on these trips. ————————————————- There has to be a little risk-taking, be it with the business or with our people,† says Ong. â€Å"Being senior in management, we can give that gentle push, allowing our staff to soar. † ————————————————- You are required to : 1. Find out the strengths of OCBC Bank. Marks:- 2. 5 2. ——————————————â €”—- What do you learn from this case? Marks:-2. 5 ————————————————- Mail me back to abdullah. [email  protected] com By 4:00pm of 17. 04. 13 Write â€Å"Case study – HRM† on the subject line of your mail. All the best

John Milton Demand The Freedom Of The Press - 1547 Words

In Areopagitica John Milton demand the freedom of the press, actually the freedom of the author. He made the following demand: â€Å"Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties.† This issue was personal for Milton, as he had suffered censorship himself in his efforts to publish several tracts defending divorce. Areopagitica is full of divine and classical references which Milton uses to strengthen his argument. This is particularly fitting because it was being addressed to the Calvinist Presbyterians who comprised Parliament at that time. The Areopagitica was an attack directed against the Licensing Order Act of 1643, which demanded that an author s work be approved by the government†¦show more content†¦He resisted this incorporates even the awful or blasphemous books, since we can earn from their wrongs and find what is valid by considering what is not valid. Milton s point is that God supplied each individ ual with the reason, through and through freedom, and inner voice to judge thoughts for themselves, so the thoughts in a content ought to be dismissed by the author’s own decision, not by a permitting expert. Additionally, the soul is not defiled just by experiencing deception. Milton brings up that experiencing deception can really prompt righteous activity, for example, how St. Paul s believers had secretly and intentionally consumed Ephesian books thought to be magick. Milton at that point contends that Parliament s authorizing request will flop in its motivation to smother shameful, dissident, and derogatory books: this request of permitting conduces nothing to the end for which it was fram d. The request was intended to redress conduct by keeping the spread of a disease caused by terrible books. Milton objects, contending that the authorizing request is excessively clearing, on the grounds that even the Bible itself had been verifiably restricted to perusers for containi ng hostile portrayals of disrespect and evil men. Milton additionally calls attention to that Parliament won t shield the oblivious from terrible books by this Order, on theShow MoreRelatedA Speech For The Liberty Of Unlicensed Printing By John Milton1302 Words   |  6 Pages Unlicensed Printing’ was written by John Milton in which he argued against censorship and defended free speech and freedom of the press. John Milton was an English poet, polemicist, man of letters, and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell. He was born in Bread Street, London on 9 December 1608. He was known best for his epic poem Paradise Lost. Milton s verse and writing reflect deep individual feelings, a passion for freedom and self-assurance, and the importantRead MoreMedia Studies1668 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Marxist and liberal-pluralist perspectives. Simply, Marxist theorists see the role of the mass media as a means of maintaining the existing state of affairs, wh ile the liberal pluralists see the role of the mass media as a means to promote the freedom of speech. The following essay will look more closely into the theories of these two schools with regards to how they see the role of the media in society, and offer some examples related to media in South Africa and globally. According to theRead MoreA Reflection On Government And Its Role On Markets And The Economy986 Words   |  4 Pagesmarket and individual stakeholders. The authors detail the different economic theories, including Keynesian and Marxian, and how these theories relate to the overall political economy. Several themes that are expressed include capitalism and socialism, demand, regulation, productivity, property rights, and monopolies, among others. The central theme is the emergence of a â€Å"new political economy,† which is a hybrid of a political economy and economics (Gamble, 1995, p. 518; Caporaso Levine, 1992). TheRead MoreWinners and Losers in a Consumer Society Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pages This theory is not only based on peoples`   financial capabilities and social status, but   there are also a number of factors that have to be taken into consideration. Then it goes on further, as the modern society offers people more choices and freedoms, in relation to those who can access low credit debts  that banks offer, as well as the ability to access modern transportation. For example, by owning a car  many can access more shopping areas such as retail parks. As a whole, the seduced group areRead MoreDo you agree with Milton Friedman’s (1970) claim that :  « the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits  » ?2913 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Do you agree with Milton Friedman’s (1970) claim that  :  «Ã‚  the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits  Ã‚ »Ã‚  ? Milton Friedman was an American economist, statistician and writer, who had a massive impact on the research agenda of the economics profession. His famous words â€Å"the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits† (Friedman, Milton. 1970) led to many controversial debates on whether businesses should have ethics or if profit should be their main  goal. CorporateRead MoreBusiness communication between Australia and China1383 Words   |  6 Pageshierarchical. They comply with the role of society and respect the higher rank person. Besides, they tend to form a long-term relationship. In contrast, people, like Australian, are from the low power distance country which means they care more about freedom, individual and also do not care too much about the social ranks. According to the different culture between Chinese and Australia, this report focus on two recommendations, which related to the power distance and long-term orientation, to minimizeRead MoreThe Monetary System During 1690 Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pagespaper money resulting in inflation and in turn would make the bills worthless because of the loss of commodity backing. (Philadelphiafed.org). In 1739 counterfeiting became an issue and Benjamin Franklin would offer a solution. He used his printing press to produce unique patterns and effect to the bills. (Uscurrency.gov). However, in 1764 the British ordered ban on paper money in the colonies. 1775 thru 1791 are crucial in understanding how our monetary system formed. The Revolutionary War was extremelyRead MoreHistory : Monetary System And Its Future Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pagespaper money resulting in inflation and in turn would make the bills worthless because of the loss of commodity backing. (Philadelphiafed.org). In 1739 counterfeiting became an issue and Benjamin Franklin would offer a solution. He used his printing press to produce unique patterns and effect to the bills. (Uscurrency.gov). However, in 1764 the British ordered ban on paper money in the colonies. 1775 thru 1791 are crucial in understanding how our monetary system formed. The Revolutionary War was extremelyRead MoreThe Morality of Capitalism2662 Words   |  11 Pagesbonds and should not be confused with personal property. Personal property consists of non-productive items like cars, clothes, and houses (Bishop 2000, 4). The free market in capitalism is one where supply and demand are able to operate without government regulation. Suppliers have the freedom to control things such as wages and prices and consumers are allowed to purchase whatever they desire (Smith 1993, 68). Also, all relationships are voluntary in a capitalist society. People are able to base theirRead More The Multivisions of Multiculturalism Essay3327 Wo rds   |  14 Pagesin a multicultural world in order to illuminate what we should do. This framework will reject both the idea of toleration as found in Berlin’s conception of human choice and will speak of as maximal multiculturalism, an orientation that is found in John Milton’s idea of truth as variegated and that sees multiculturalism as a great good. These views are plagued by at least three paradoxes that are really inconsistencies. In their place I develop the idea of a mitigated multiculturalism based on fear

English for Business and Work

Nuclear Strategic Game Between The United States And The...

It has now been 53 years since the Cuban missile crisis. Even though disaster was averted, the world came too close to destroying itself to let the lessons of October 1962 played from our memories. In this paper, I will show while the nuclear strategic game between the United States and the Soviet union was so dangerous. Good intelligence is crucial to making good decisions in such a dangerous situation. Acquiring that good intelligence pros to be quite dangerous and the Cuban missile crisis. Also complicating matters was the fact that the two leaders of the crisis President Kennedy and Soviet leader Khrushchev, we re getting catastrophically bad advice from the military experts and ancillary players After World War II, Stalin locked up all the countries along its western border behind, what Churchill came to call, an iron curtain. Russia had invested millions of lives to defeat in Germany in World War Two and felt entitled to a buffer zone against future invasion. Stalin was suspicious that the Marshall plan was a devious attempt to win back his hard won satellite states from the Soviet Union. The ideological battle lines of the Cold War were drawn by those European countries that participated in the Marshall plan vs. those that shows or were not allowed to. Some historians think the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima was in reality the first shot of cold war, principally aimed at checking the spread of Soviet communism. If so, Truman got a nice bang forShow MoreRelated COLD War and the Arms Race Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesthe use of two nuclear weapons in 1945 against the Japanese in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end World War II, the nature of international security was changed irreversibly. At that time, the United States had what was said to have a monopoly of atomic bombs. Soon thereafter, the Soviet Union began working on atomic weaponry. In 1949, it had already detonated it first atomic bomb and tensions began to heat up between the two countries. With the information that the Soviets had tested theirRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis: The Day the World Became so Close to Full-Blown Nuclear War1554 Words   |  6 PagesHow did the world become so close to full-blown nuclear war? It all started with a deep r outed conflict between the United States and Soviet Union. The U.S and the Soviet Union had different views on political and economic systems. The United States believed in Democracy, which means the people have say in what the government does. While the Soviet Union believed in Communism which means the government controls everything and ultimately leads to a dictatorship. After World War II the superpowersRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union Hockey1111 Words   |  5 Pagesin the 1980 Soviet-American Olympic hockey game. The Soviet Union hockey team had dominated the hockey world consistently for the previous decade. This era of Soviet hockey superiority came to an end as the underdog American team routed the Soviets 4-3, moving to the next round of competition with a chance to win the gold medal in the 1980 Olympic Winter Games in Lake Placid, New York. The game symbolized confrontation between the United States of America (USA) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Read MoreThe Door to Annihilation: Who Dares to Open it? Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pagesannihilation for thirteen days. It is caused by the Soviet Union’s clandestine action of putting nuclear missiles in Cuba, which the United States perceived as an offensive and dangerous move. The two countries know that they are capable of destroying the entire world with the nuclear weapons, so they plan each step slowly and carefully. If there is any mistakes in the process, the price is destruction of every human civilization. Policies like brinksmanship, nuclear arms race, and spies made the Cuban MissileRead MoreSignificance of Cuban Missile Crisis1470 Words   |  6 PagesSignificance of Cuban Missile Crisis -This was an intense period where nuclear war could break out at any time. -A rash decision by any side could spark off war between the USSR and USA and in turn nuclear weapons might be deployed. -Fortunately, the leaders made rational decisions to resolve the crisis. -After the Cuban missile crisis, both sides realized the danger of nuclear war and began to talk more about peaceful co-existence. -A hotline was established bet the USSR amp; the USARead MoreThe Game Theory And Politics1709 Words   |  7 Pages Game Theory and Politics Whenever Game theory is taught at colleges, politics is one area that is never touched upon as an application of game theory. Though game theory in international relations and national politics has been a studied in detail in the past, there has been a recent increase in the popularity of this study. An increasing number of game models are extensively being used in informed studies of arms control, preservation of international peace, disarmament policies, environmentalRead MoreThis Historical Study Will Define The Dual Hostility Of1836 Words   |  8 PagesThis historical study will define the dual hostility of the Soviet Union and the United States in the instigation and resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The nuclear arms race of the early 1960s defined a period of history in which a stalemate occurred between superpowers. The United States and the Soviet Union were continually seeking to build larger nuclear arsenals and to also expand their territorial influence ov er lesser nations. The Cuban Missile Crisis defines also defines theRead MoreU.s. Obama s Foreign Policy1621 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause Obama promised to end war in Afghanistan and Iraq. Which he did during the end of his presidency he ended the Iraq war and also signed a nuclear deal with Iraq from obtaining nuclear weapons. He tended to keep away from foreign policy. Some of Obama s Major Foreign Policy accomplishments are:Ending the war in Iraq Killing of Osama Bin Laden ,Nuclear deal with Iran ,Paris Climate Change Agreement, Opening of relations with Cuba, Trans-Pacific Partnership. He also went to go visit Cuba duringRead MoreThe 1980 Miracle on Ice1308 Words   |  6 Pagesthirty-four years ago with the 1980 Miracle on Ice. The Americans defeating the dominant Soviet team at the Olympics was not only an important triumph for USA Hockey, but for the entire nation. Contrary to popular belief, the underdog win was not only the result of a miracle; it was also the result of a hard-working team led by Coach Herb Brooks. With increasingly negative views on the position of the United States in the Cold War, the Miracle on Ice and the gold medal win lifted the spirits of the nationRead MoreCold War in 1980s3505 Words   |  15 Pages The Cold War in 1980s – The Prone Seigneur Between the Two Superpowers Since Cold War began at the end of World War in the late 1940s, the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, were racing their power to get their dominance over another. Each side feared the other’s superior weapons, such as the United States had nuclear weapon and the USSR had their mighty Red Army. The Cold War spread through decades and seemed to be indefinite. Two superpowers with the race of weapon not

Michael Jackson 30th Anniversary Special and Product Design Free Essays

Republic of the Philippines TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs Industrial Relations and Job Placement Ayala Boulevard, Ermita, Manila NARRATIVE REPORT ON SIT PROGRAM Product Design and Development Technology (PDDT) Work Stations: Product Design and Development Center of the Philippines (PDDCP) – CCP Complex Christmas Decor Producers and Exporters Association of the Philippines (CDPEAP) – CITEM Compound Chamber of Furniture Industry of the Philippines – Cebu (CFIP-Cebu) – ManilaFAME 2013 at SMX Convension Center From November 12, 2012 to March 25, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Jobs Performed in the Company a. We will write a custom essay sample on Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Special and Product Design or any similar topic only for you Order Now TINUKIB – Iloilo Showroom and Souvenir Shop i. Modular Designs for Shelving ii. Space Planning iii. 3D Rendering using â€Å"Google SketchUp† and â€Å"Vray† iv. Floor Plan (autoCAD) v. Working Drawings of displays (autoCAD) b. TINUKIB – Iloilo Cafe i. 3D Rendering using â€Å"Google SketchUp† and â€Å"Vray† c. Technology Updating Workshop i. Bleaching and Dyeing of Fibers ii. Palm Frond Making iii. Hand papermaking iv. Papier Mache’ v. Finishing for Furniture vi. Finishing for Gifts and House Wares ii. Finishing for Paper and Paper Products viii. Lamination of Palm Husk and Seed d. Design Talks i. Rey Soliven – ii. Sionil Jose – National Artist for Literature e. Lectures i. Benjamin – Trends and Forecast Sources ii. Rowe Requejo – Full Sizing and Furniture Aesthetics iii. Ben Bacamante – Creative Thinking f. CDPEAP Christmas Decor Designs g. CDPEAP-PDDCP-DTI Source Book in Indigenous Materials â₠¬â€œ New Design Team with Mr. Robert Alejandro of Papelmeroti i. Product Design ii. Product Development iii. Product Design Expansion iv. Book Layout v. Layout Cover vi. Prototype Supervising ii. Product Photo-shoot h. Ikenobo-Ikebana Society of Manila 30th Anniversary Celebration – Organizer with Dr. Romeo Balderama Jr. from CDPEAP i. Event Wall ii. Event poster for Shangri-La Plaza iii. Sarilikha Leaflets iv. Abaca Atelier Association Leaflets v. Anniversary Book Design vi. After Party Invitations i. Vina Domingo-Roy Exibit i. Opening Committee j. Manila FAME – PDDCP Booths and PDDCP Employees, – Next One Now with CFIP-Cebu, Leslie Mejares, Rey Soliven and Joey Yupangco – OTOP with Joanna Raymundo, Ryan Tresvalles and Jinggoy Buensuceso i. The OTOP Marketplace (Ingress) i. The OTOP Marketplace – Visual Merchandising Team iii. Next One Now Design Awards CFIP-Cebu – Assistant Judge for Lesti iv. PDDCP Information Booth v. PDDCP Booth  œ Color Trends 2013 vi. The OTOP Marketplace (Egress) III. Experiences a. Knowledge i. Applied from School ii. Learned from Training b. Skills i. Applied ii. Developed c. Values i. Learned ii. Applied d. Human Relationships i. Observed ii. Applied IV. Problems a. School b. Company V. Suggestions and Recommendations VI. Requirements a. Daily Work Activities b. Time Records c. Evaluation Sheet d. Certificate How to cite Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Special and Product Design, Papers

Change Management in the Modern Organizations

Question: One of the more recent issues in management is role of change management in organisational effectiveness .You are to undertake a literature review discussing the impact of change management on organisational effectiveness. literature review should consider : What is change management.What are some of the major challenges when trying to manage change in organisation.What are some of the current theories on change management.How can current change management theories be applied to support organisations. Answer: Introduction Organizational change deals with proper resource and it build the sustainable competitive edge across the business world. This also creates and restores the capability of the organization to function effectively. It integrates the effectiveness with business strategy and aligns the capabilities with effective implementation. The change in organization creates flexible and reliable communications within the work place. It also helps to increase the productivity and the work is integrated in a smooth manner. The perception of employees also changes with the process of change and they are the major target to influence the employees properly. People in an organization have the same aspirations towards change and they help to see the connection to improve the transition. It also identifies the models of planned change and different levels of strategic change process. Mutual trust and cooperation is important for the foundation of effective work team that develops major productivity. Successful change begins with competitive situations and management also supports the flexible policies and procedures. They foster change through trust and cooperation. The team is responsible for progress evaluation towards a real situation and change is important to improve the performance. It also helps in subsequent understanding of change. Thus it ensures to achieve the performance successfully. The clear goals and motivation supports the system to ensure higher level of success. Change is driven by situations and the leaders possess high set of skills to deal with the change. Thus the assignment will discuss the theory and approaches of change management with major challenges and also it will analyze the challenges. Literature review Change management Change is necessary and is made to deal with serious challenges. Change always impacts the work place and it is the modification to improve the organization performance.Change is difficult in any organization and it is the core of an increasing number of programs. This way, it shapes the direction and commits to provide the best efforts. It contains skills, definitions and addresses the curriculum. Thus it intends to develop high capacity and to adapt to renew the organizations. It is based on human values and ethical concerns such as social justice, choice and fairness. Thus it seems there is a conceptual background and it is more embedded with the culture. (Worley Feyerherm, 2014).OD will continue to deal with the research that describes the effectiveness of change theory and it is to coordinate the research and theories. There is an ability to deal with the effectiveness of an organization. Change management is known well as unfreezing, moving, refreezing the values and goals wit hin the work place. Change is the identity that is common for employees and communication plays a vital role in change management. (Zell, 2014).Change management is known as the continuous process that is redesigned for proper direction, structure and capabilities. There is no doubt that the organization is able to meet the needs. (Todnem, 2005) Major challenges when trying to manage change in organization Anderson (2011) says that organization is the planting of the change process that is to be followed when the guiding principles in the organization with the leading changers is seen in the way that will implement the positive changes to bring out the challenges that are faced in the daily life. There are some of the major challenges that are faced when one makes the try to have the change in the organization. These are explained with the procedures and the illustrations below:Lack of cultural backgrounds: Donald (2011) says that there is always the lack of the cultural backgrounds especially when the employees are running in the organization without having the knowledge of the culture of the backgrounds. Then the tasks that are to be performed by them are to be maintained in the manner that will give them the look to their works. This is the process of the changes that is desired. No resistance: Brown (2011) says that it is generally desired that when the work is done in the organization then there will be made no resistance as all the members are the same party and they belong to the same organization.They believe in the best of the organization. But, when the organization and the process that is carried are not done in the proper way then it is desired to have the dealings of the process to be done with the resistances. (Agnieszka, 2014)Employees awareness: Burke (2011) is of the view that when the employees have no proper awareness then the thing that is considered is that there will be made available all the employees and they should work in the proper manner so that there will be made the proper will and the determination with which the organization will carry on the business.These very businesses are to be carried in the proper manner. What is expected is that when we are able to have the workings and the operations in the organization, then we are desir ed to have the goals and the goals are accomplished in the proper manner.Without knowledge of companys operations: Warner (2011) states that without having the proper knowledge of the companys operations and the way the process in the organization to be carried out there can be made no kind of the systems that are prevailing in the organization.In this regard, when, the organization is carrying with the proper way then the organization will give the best of its awareness and the employees will be able to work on the way it is required.What if no kind of yes is made to organization: Cummings (2009) states that when there is made no kind of the yes that means that when the people dont have the time to get the agreements and the consensus then how can they make their organization and the works to be performed in the well manner.There is always said that when the organization is to be run, then all the mangers, employees and the chief officer of the organization is expected to have the same.Worley (2009) is of the view that these the very challenges are faced by the organization when the change is desired and the reason for this is that when the change is to be brought then there is seen the various kinds of the challenges for which the organization has to made the strategies to cope up with it. Current theories on change management Change management is quite important for the successful business conduct and operational activities. Through this method, it is possible to control the loss that is incurred at the time of carrying out the operational activities. Changes that are intended to be implemented by the company have to drafted and implemented in the right manner. Change management is defined as the structured approach through which the required changes can be planned and introduced by the company. In this method, analysis is done to find the impact of change and this is done by understanding the present and the future goals of the business. There are many theories that support the change management system, and it is necessary to consider the same. Nudge theory is one of theories that basically concentrate on human thinking. In this method, the ability of the people to react or to think about an aspect is analyzed. This also includes emotional analysis, which is analyzed on a rational and logical basis. Such factor also depends upon different variables that are considered to be necessary for analyzing the changes that are required for implementing the changes. In this method, human intelligence is considered as this will help in introducing the changes that would benefit the company. It is quite essential to analyze the different ways that will be followed for understanding how and why people think in the way that is usually done. It also includes analyzing the decision and the reason for particular behavior in human beings. The principles also apply to the indirect interventions that are used for improving the new choic es (Carol, 2008). Business development driven change theory This is another type of change management system, which analyzes the changes that need to be made for understanding the development prospects. In this process, the quality of the tasks that is performed by the management and the steps that will be followed for executing the work is analyzed. This is done through effective planning and implementation of the steps that will be considered to be necessary for introducing the required changes. Based on the changes that are intended to be made the management of the company has to develop and implement development strategy that will be useful in accomplishing the plan that has been drafted by the company. Some of the areas where the changes has to be implemented includes Sales development Analyzing plans for new product development Drafting policies for new market or area development Planning the tools, machines, and equipments that will be required for implementing the changes that will benefit the company. 1. Adopting new and better methods for people management and implementing communication process, which also includes training process.Introducing new strategic distribution method, which also includes partnership development (Susan, 2009). 2. Such planning is required for implementing the changes that will benefit the company. Before planning it is essential to analyze the challenges that can affect the performance of the company. The changes have to be communicated with the members as this will help in implementing the changes. Change management theories applied to support organizations In todays modern world, change is required to be managed correctly as it helps to develop and maintain the competitive edge. It requires proper knowledge, skills and abilities with respect to opportunities. The recent theories and approaches of change management help to achieve the involvement, aims and goals and proper commitment. It also motivates the team to manage the change and the responsibility for managing change also helps people to understand the situation and know the skills. (Hornstein, 2004) According to John P Kotters eight step of change, the stage acknowledge the model of understanding where one can see, feel and change.It is summarized as:Increase of the need of change: This motivates people to create the real and effective goals. It develops the right kind of skills and right commitment.Design a team: To entertain the right people with respect to right commitment requires proper skills and levels. This way, the team plays a vital role in managing the change.Right vision: To produce the correct vision and to establish the strategy, thus to concentrate on the major emotional and innovative aspects requires high efficiency and effectiveness. Communication: To include as many people as possible and to communicate the effective and major appeal then to respond to the needs of people. Thus, technology also works successfully for change management. Empower the action: To remove the barriers and to build the constructive actions and to support the leaders with proper and effective rewards and achievements that plays an important role in success. Build short term goals: To develop the aims and objectives that is easy to achieve the success. To manage the skills and initiatives are important and there is a need to start new ones. Encourage to continue: Foster the change with encouragement and design the future goals carefully. Thus continuous change is important for success. Stable the change: Reinforce the change with respect to recruitment, promotion and new change leaders. (Chapman, 2014) Williams (2014) discusses that the above eight step of change helps to analyze the problem solving, staffing, controlling and budgeting. The organization masters the skills and abilities that enhance the likelihood of success in the present and future. Leaders are designed to help the clients implement the process and to develop the skill sets to lead the change. These change skills reflect success for long term and it is found to be the best way to achieve an organizations inspirations. It connects to the strategic and systemic to deal with the self-discovery and development and to meet the business goals. References Agnieszka, B. 2014. Triggers of organizational change: Duration previous changes and environment. Vol. 14. No. 3, pp. 405-424. Aguirre, D. 2014. 10 principles of leading change management: Strategy+business. Anderson, Donald L.Cases and Exercises in Organization Development and Change. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2011a. Anderson, Donald L.Organization Development: The Process of Leading Organizational Change. 2d ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2011b. Apmg. 2014. Change management certification: Certification. Brown, Donald R.An Experiential Approach to Organization Development. 8th ed. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2011. Burke, W. Warner.Organization Change: Theory and Practice. 3d ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2011. Carol B, 2008. Outcome Realisation and Organisational Change Management The Tasmanian Government Approach Department of Premier and Cabinet. Chapman, A. 2014. Change management: Organizational and personal change management process plans change management and business development tips. Cummings, Thomas G., and Christopher G. Worley.Organization Development and Change. 9th ed. Mason, OK: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2009. Hornstein, H. 2004. Using a change management approach to implement IT programs: Ivey business journal Oliver W, 2001 Strategic Communication - Creating Understanding and Support for Change Prosci.com. 2015. Change management: Manage change maximize performance. Susan M, 2009. Communication Is Key in Change Management. Todnem, R. 2005. Organizational change management: A critical review. Journal of change management. Vol. 5. No. 4, pp. 369-380 Victor J, Latemore G, 2004. The Best-Laid Plans: Uncertainty, Complexity and Large-Scale. Organisational Change. Mt Eliza Business Review. Williams, R. 2014. Why change management fails: Psychology today Worley, C. Feyerherm, A. 2014. Reflections on the future of organization development: Journal of applied behavioral science. Zell, D. 2014. Organizational change as a process of death dying and rebirth: The journal of applied behavioral science. Vol. 39. No. 1, pp. 73-96.